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An enlarged prostate can also be the cause of other problems. If the enlarged prostate is causing symptoms, the best treatment would be a natural remedy. In the meantime, there are treatments for a wide range of conditions that cause a man to experience pain. A common surgical procedure involves an electric loop, laser, or electro-stimulation. The procedure is a safe and effective option for treating enlarged or symptomatic BPH.
Risk Factors You Can’t Control
Growing older is the greatest risk factor for prostate cancer, particularly after age 50. After age 70, studies suggest that anywhere from 31% to 83% of men have some form of prostate cancer, though there may be no outward symptoms. Family history increases a man’s risk: having a father or brother with prostate cancer more than doubles the risk. African-American men and Caribbean men of African descent are at high risk and have the highest rate of prostate cancer in the world.
Bph And Other Conditions
There are other conditions that affect the prostate that can have similar symptoms as prostate cancer. Those conditions include benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. BPH is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland caused by aging, testosterone and genetics.
BPH is not cancer but has similar symptoms.
Another condition is prostatitis, an inflammation of the prostate gland that occurs from bacterial infection. Roughly half of all men will be affected by prostatitis during their lives.
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What Are The Complications Of Prostatitis
Men with acute bacterial prostatitis may develop . This widespread inflammation can be life-threatening. It requires immediate medical treatment.
Antibiotics can cause an upset stomach. Men with chronic bacterial prostatitis may need lots of antibiotics to treat recurring infections. Some people develop antibiotic resistance, making treatment ineffective.
Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis can lower sperm count, affecting fertility.
Treating Benign Prostate Enlargement
Treatment for an enlarged prostate will depend on how severe your symptoms are.
If you have mild symptoms, you do not usually need immediate treatment. Your doctor will agree with you if and when you need more check-ups.
Youâll probably be advised to make lifestyle changes, such as:
- drinking less alcohol, caffeine and fizzy drinks
- limiting your intake of artificial sweeteners
- exercising regularly
- drinking less in the evening
Medicine to reduce the size of the prostate and relax your bladder may be recommended to treat moderate to severe symptoms of an enlarged prostate.
Surgery is usually only recommended for moderate to severe symptoms that have not responded to medicine.
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Prostate Cancer Survival Rates
The good news about prostate cancer is that it usually grows slowly, and 9 out of 10 cases are found in the early stages. Overall, the 5-year relative survival rate is 100% for men with disease confined to the prostate or nearby tissues. Many men live much longer. When the disease has spread to distant areas, that figure drops to 31%. But these numbers are based on men diagnosed at least 5 years ago. The outlook may be better for men diagnosed and treated today.
Identification Of Human Papillomaviruses In Prostate Tissues
Confirmation of the identity of a pathogen is an essential causal criterion.
HPV DNA is circular, double stranded and is surrounded by a protein capsid coat. Eight genes are organised into early and late . E1 and E2 are involved with genome replication, transcription, segregation, encapsulation and apoptosis regulation of the cell. E4 is involved with cell cycle arrest and virion assembly. E5 controls cell growth and differentiation and modulates the immune system. E6 inhibits apoptosis and regulates cell signalling. E7 is involved with cell cycle control. L1 and L2 contribute to viral assembly. A persistent infection of high risk HPVs, can increase the risk of cancer via HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 which inactivate p53 and pRB. The disease progression of latent infection in the basal epithelial layer of organs such as the cervix, progresses from low-grade lesions, to later invasive cancer. This can take several years to decades.
Table 1 Identification of high risk human papilloma viruses in prostate cancer. Case control studies with normal and benign prostate tissues as controls
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Who Is More Likely To Develop Prostate Diseases
Anyone with a prostate can develop prostate problems. But some people are at higher risk.
You may be more likely to develop prostatitis if you have:
- A lower urinary tract infection, also called a UTI. An infection in your lower urinary tract may lead to acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis.
- Nerve damage in your lower urinary tract from surgery or an injury. This may lead to chronic prostatitis.
- Emotional stress, which can lead to chronic prostatitis.
You may be more likely to develop an enlarged prostate if you:
- Are age 40 or older.
- Have family members who have had BPH.
- Have certain health conditions such as:
- Having a weak urine stream.
Other symptoms depend on the type of prostate problem you have and may include:
- Not being able to urinate at all. This is a medical emergency.
- Any problems, starting or controlling urine flow.
- Waking up often to urinate.
- Blood in your urine or urine that has an unusual smell or color.
- Fever, chills, or body aches.
- Great discomfort or pain:
Contact your provider if you have any of these symptoms.
What You Need To Know About The Prostate Difference Between Prostatitis And Prostate Cancer
A enlarged prostate can also cause blockages in the urethra. A blocked urethra can also damage the kidneys. A patient suffering from an enlargement of the prostate may have pain in his lower abdomen and genitals. If pain is present, a digital rectal examination will reveal hard areas. A doctor may prescribe surgery or perform an endoscopic procedure. If the enlarged prostate is not completely removed, it will shrink.
While the size of an enlarged prostate will influence the extent of urinary symptoms, men may experience a range of urinary symptoms. Some men have minimal or no symptoms at all. Some men will have a very enlarged prostate, whereas others will have a mild enlargement. Generally, the symptoms can stabilize over time. Some men may have an enlarged prostate but not notice it. If they have an enlarged colon, their physician can perform a TURP procedure.
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Do Prostatitis And Bph Cause Pain
Both BPH and prostatitis may cause pain. However, if BPH causes pain, it usually occurs with urination .
Prostatitis may cause painful urination, painful ejaculations, and generalized groin/abdominal pain. Prostatitis pain may be more constant and may be due to the inflammation of the prostatic tissue and/or adjacent tissues. Experts point out that often the source of pain from prostatitis is unclear.
Biopsy And Gleason Score
A pathologist looks for cell abnormalities and “grades” the tissue sample from 1 to 5. The sum of two Gleason grades is the Gleason score. These scores help determine the chances of the cancer spreading. Gleason grades of 1 and 2 are not usually given in biopsies, so 6 is typically the lowest score for a prostate cancer. Cancer with Gleason scores of 8 to 10 is called high-grade, and can grow and spread more quickly. Gleason scores help guide the type of treatment your doctor will recommend.
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Different Symptoms Of Bph Vs Prostate Cancer
Other than skin cancer, prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers for American men. One in nine men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime, according to data from the American Cancer Society.
Just because prostate cancer is so common, that doesnt mean the symptoms youve been experiencing are, in fact, cancer. Many symptoms of prostate cancer are the same for other conditions like infections or abnormal cell growth, also known as BPH. The symptoms of BPH vs prostate cancer can be similar. This is what you need to know and when to see a doctor.
Tests Used To Check The Prostate
This first step lets your doctor hear and understand the story of your prostate concerns. Youll be asked whether you have symptoms, how long youve had them, and how much they affect your lifestyle. Your personal medical history also includes any risk factors, pain, fever, or trouble passing urine. You may be asked to give a urine sample for testing.
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Association Between Prostatitis And Bph
Case-control studies and a cohort studies described the epidemiological relation of prostatitis with BPH. Significant results were obtained in the overall analysis . In addition, both the case-control study and the cohort study supported that prostatitis could enhance the risk of BPH.
Figure 4
Forest plots of association between prostatitis and PCa after adjustment for heterogeneity based on Galbraith plot associated with funnel plot and sensitive analysis. Overall analysis The subgroup analyses of ethnicity study design sample size.
What Causes Prostatitis And Prostate Cancer
The cause of prostatitis is not always known. You can raise your risk of getting it with a bacterial infection or bladder infection, a catheter, an infection from sex, or a problem in the urinary tract. Your doctor may have to do several tests to find out exactly why you feel pain. But it is important to find out what may have caused it.
Bacterial prostatitis happens when bacteria get into your prostate. Bacteria can be found in your pee, prostate fluid, or blood. Your sex partner cannot catch this type of infection.
Nonbacterial prostatitis may be linked to irritation, nerve damage, or stress. It could also happen if your body reacts to an injury or infection you had in the past. This form has no signs of bacteria in your pee or prostate fluid.
Causes for bacterial forms of prostatitis might include:
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia , a common condition where your prostate gets bigger as you age
Thereâs also no clear cause of prostate cancer. But doctors know that it begins when DNA in your prostate cells change. These changes tell your cells to grow and divide quicker than normal cells.
There are some risk factors for prostate cancer. They include:
Older age. As you get older, your risk of prostate cancer goes up. Itâs especially common after the age of 50.
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Transformation And Causal Mechanisms
Information about transformation and causal mechanisms have been added to the original Hill causal criteria.
Exposure of cultured normal and benign prostate epithelial cells to HPV 16 and 18 induces immortalisation of these cells . Schutze et al. have experimentally demonstrated the immortalisation capacity of 11 different HPV types . This capacity varies according to the HPV type. This immortalisation, seen initially in cervical cells, is not confined to prostate epithelial cells. Oral epithelial cells, human embryonic fibroblasts and primary human keratinocytes can also be immortalised.
The joint action of E6 and E7 oncoproteins target cellular pathways which involve cell cycle control and apoptosis and thus enable cell proliferation. Upon integration these genes drive cellular immortalisation. E5 can cooperate with E6 and E7 enhancing transformation activity in precancerous lesions .
Immortalised benign prostate cultured cells can acquire neoplastic properties when further exposed to other viruses, such as the murine sarcoma virus and also components of HPVs such as lipopolysaccharides .
Testing Options For Prostate Cancer
There is no one age for prostate cancer testing, but the American Cancer Society makes recommendations about prostate cancer screenings. According to the ACS, patients in any of these groups should consider asking their doctor about testing:
- Men age 50 or older who have an average risk of prostate cancer and a life expectancy of at least 10 more years
- Men age 45 or older with a high risk, including African-American men and those with a first-degree relative who had prostate cancer before age 65
- Men age 40 or older who have a higher risk, such as more than one first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer at an early age
Expert cancer care
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What If My Prostatitis Is Not Caused By Infection
Because we do not understand what causes prostatitis without infection, it can be hard to treat. Your doctor might try an antibiotic to treat a hidden infection. Other treatments are aimed at making you feel better. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, and hot soaking baths may help you feel better. Some men get better by taking medicines that help the way the bladder or prostate gland work. These medicines include oxybutynin, doxazosin, prazosin, tamsulosin and terazosin.
Prostatitis Vs Prostate Cancer Symptoms And Signs
- Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland the four types are acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis.
- Prostate cancer develops when abnormal prostate gland cells multiply without control and may metastasize to other organs.
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a noncancerous condition where normal prostate gland cells keep multiplying, thereby increasing the size of the prostate.
- Prostatitis usually does not lead to death, but prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men, even though it is a slow-moving disease.
- Most men with early prostate cancer have no symptoms or signs symptoms and signs appear when the cancer becomes large enough to cause urinary blockage. Prostatitis, in contrast, usually appears with symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency and/or pain with urination and possibly, some type of sexual dysfunction.
- Prostate cancer, when it produces signs and symptoms, may produce one or more of the following symptoms or signs that may also be seen in patients with prostatitis or BPH:
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Can Prostate Cancer Be Found Early
Screening tests are available to find prostate cancer early, but government guidelines don’t call for routine testing in men at any age. The tests may find cancers that are so slow-growing that medical treatments would offer no benefit. And the treatments themselves can have serious side effects. The American Cancer Society advises men to talk with a doctor about screening tests, beginning at:
- Age 50 for average-risk men who expect to live at least 10 more years
- Age 45 for men at high risk this includes African-Americans and those with a father, brother, or son diagnosed before age 65
- Age 40 for men with more than one first-degree relative diagnosed at an early age
The U.S.Preventive Services Task Force says that testing may be appropriate for some men age 55 â 69. They recommend that men talk to their doctor to discuss the potential risks and benefits of being tested.
When Prostate Cancer Symptoms Are Not Related To Voiding
Prostate cancer.Creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Wikimedia Commons
Only when prostate cancer metastasizes to the bones and other organs do secondary and systemic symptoms of bone pain, weight loss and fatigue develop.
It is important to remember that the majority of men diagnosed with prostate cancer will die with itnot from it.
Yet early detection and appropriate management will help to achieve the best outcome and quality of life for each individual.
If you are a man of African descent or have a family history of prostate cancer, you should discuss with your physician about the option of screening starting at age 40, explains Dr. Lutz.
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Tests To Diagnose Prostate Cancer
These tests can confirm a prostate cancer diagnosis:
- Ultrasounduses sound waves to make pictures of your prostate gland.
- A biopsyremoves a sample of prostate tissue and checks it under a microscope for cancer.
Which treatments you get for BPH depend on the size of your prostate and how severe your symptoms are.
For mild to moderate symptoms, your doctor might prescribe one of these medicines:
- Alpha-blockers relax muscles in your bladder and prostate to help you urinate more easily. They include alfuzosin , doxazosin , and tamsulosin .
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitors shrink your prostate. They include dutasteride and finasteride .
Doctors use surgery to treat severe BPH symptoms:
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Treatments for prostate cancer include:
- Active surveillance or watchful waiting: You dont get treated right away. Instead, your doctor watches your symptoms or does regular DRE and PSA tests to check for cancer growth.
- Surgery: A procedure called a radical prostatectomy removes the prostate gland and some of the tissue around it.
- Radiation therapy: Radiation uses high-energy X-rays to destroy prostate cancer. Youre exposed to radiation from a machine outside your body. Or you can get it through small radioactive pellets or seeds placed inside your prostate.
- Cryotherapy: This treatment uses intense cold to destroy prostate tissue.
- Hormone therapy: You take medicine to block the male hormones that fuel the growth of prostate cancer.
Talking With Your Doctor
Different kinds of doctors and other health care professionals manage prostate health. They can help you find the best care, answer your questions, and address your concerns. These health care professionals include:
- Family doctors and internists
- Physician assistants and nurse practitioners
- Urologists, who are experts in diseases of the urinary tract system and the male reproductive system
- Urologic oncologists, who are experts in treating cancers of the urinary system and the male reproductive system
- Radiation oncologists, who use radiation therapy to treat cancer
- Medical oncologists, who treat cancer with medications such as hormone treatments and chemotherapy
- Pathologists, who identify diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope
View these professionals as your partnersâexpert advisors and helpers in your health care. Talking openly with your doctors can help you learn more about your prostate changes and the tests to expect.
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