What Is A 5
A relative survival rate compares people with the same type and stage of cancer to people in the overall population. For example, if the 5-year relative survival rate for a specific stage of prostate cancer is 90%, it means that men who have that cancer are, on average, about 90% as likely as men who dont have that cancer to live for at least 5 years after being diagnosed.
Important Facts Related To Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in the world among men and the fourth most common in total worldwide. Prostate cancer accounts for around 8% of new cancer cases among men and 15% of new cancer in total worldwide. Of prostate cancer cases worldwide, 68% occurs in more developed countries around the world. Some of the reasons for why men in developed countries are more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer include: 1) increased availability of screening for prostate-specific antigen in men who have not shown signs of prostate cancer 2) better medical care 3) The fact they people are more likely to live to advanced ages or be obese . Worldwide prostate cancer acts as the 5th leading cause of mortality among men, accounting for around 6.6% of total deaths.
Prostate Cancer Incidence By Age
Prostate cancer incidence is strongly related to age, with the highest incidence rates being in older men. In the UK in 2016-2018, on average each year around a third of new cases were in males aged 75 and over.
Age-specific incidence rates rise steeply from around age 45-49, peak in the 75-79 age group before dropping slightly and remaining stable in the oldest age groups.The highest rates are in in the 75 to 79 age group.
Prostate cancer , Average Number of New Cases per Year and Age-Specific Incidence Rates per 100,000 Male Population, UK, 2016-2018
For prostate cancer, like most cancer types, incidence increases with age. This largely reflects cell DNA damage accumulating over time. Damage can result from biological processes or from exposure to risk factors. A drop or plateau in incidence in the oldest age groups often indicates reduced diagnostic activity perhaps due to general ill health.
The age distribution of prostate cancer cases probably partly reflects the age groups in which prostate specific antigen testing and transurethral resection of the prostate are carried out.
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Risk Of Prostate Cancer
About 1 man in 8 will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime.
Prostate cancer is more likely to develop in older men and in non-Hispanic Black men. About 6 cases in 10 are diagnosed in men who are 65 or older, and it is rare in men under 40. The average age of men at diagnosis is about 66.
Who Dies From This Cancer
Because we have screening for prostate cancer, most of the time it is caught before it spreads to other parts of the body. Men who have prostate cancer that is characterized as localized or regional are not as likely to die as men whose cancer is distant. In general prostate cancer has excellent survival rates, but death rates are higher in African American men, men who have advanced stage cancer, and men who are between the ages of 75 and 84. Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 19.0 per 100,000 men per year based on 20142018, age-adjusted.
Death Rate per 100,000 Persons by Race/Ethnicity: Prostate Cancer
Males
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Where Do These Numbers Come From
The American Cancer Society relies on information from the SEER database, maintained by the National Cancer Institute , to provide survival statistics for different types of cancer.
The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for prostate cancer in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. The SEER database, however, does not group cancers by AJCC TNM stages . Instead it groups cancers into localized, regional, and distant stages.
- Localized: There is no sign that the cancer has spread outside the prostate.
- Regional: The cancer has spread outside the prostate to nearby structures or lymph nodes.
- Distant: The cancer has spread to parts of the body farther from the prostate, such as the lungs, liver, or bones.
Who Gets This Cancer
Prostate cancer occurs only in men, and it is more common in older men than younger men. It is more likely to occur in men with a family history of prostate cancer and men of African American descent. The rate of new cases of prostate cancer was 111.3 per 100,000 men per year based on 20142018 cases, age-adjusted.
Rate of New Cases per 100,000 Persons by Race/Ethnicity: Prostate Cancer
Males
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Recommendations For Future Research
According to the results of this study, estimating the survival rate of prostate cancer requires more extensive studies at the level of other Asian countries, especially in the West and Central Asia, as most studies in this study were conducted in South and Southeast of Asia, and estimates are somewhat incorrect. Another suggestion could be a study of the survival of prostate cancer in patients who metastasized, which was not our study goal, and is an important issue in clinical decision making and the continuation of treatment.
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Trend Patterns From 2000 To 2019
Table 2. Patterns of trends in incidence and mortality for prostate cancer from 2000 to 2019 among 89 countries.
In the past two decades, an increasing trend of ASIR for prostate cancer was observed in 65 countries, nearly all countries had high or very high HDI except Tajikistan, and the AAPCs ranged from 0.23% to 4.54% . Meanwhile, significantly increasing mortality trends were also observed in 19 of the 65 countries, with the AAPCs ranging from 0.36% to 3.63% while significantly decreasing mortality trends were also observed in 25 of the 65 countries, with AAPCs ranging from â1.85% to â0.32% . In addition, ASIR and ASMR have been significantly decreasing from 2000 to 2019 in nine countries with a very high HDI, including the Austria, Canada, France, Iceland, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and United States of America .
Table 3. Trend analysis of age-standardized incidence for prostate cancer from 2000 to 2019.
Table 4. Trend analysis of age-standardized mortality for prostate cancer from 2000 to 2019.
Figure 3. The AAPC of the ASIR and ASMR of prostate cancer. *P< 0.05. AAPC, Average annual percent change ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate.
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African Americans And Non
Incidence
Jemal et al. and several other researchers noted that African American men have among the highest incidence of PCa worldwide, are more likely to develop PCa at any age, and develop the disease earlier in life than men from all other racial and ethnic groups. Parkin et al. noted that it is difficult to compare incidence rates among men of different races or compare rates between various countries because of differences in detection pathways and data collection.
The overall incidence of PCa increased in the United States between 1988 and 1992, but starting in 2007, it decreased at a rate of 6.5% per year for all races combined . The increase and decline in PCa incidence mimicked the dramatic increase and decrease in screening during the same years. That trend appears to be consistent with data from other studies. Figure 3 illustrates race-specific age-adjusted incidence rates of PCa in the U.S. population. Since the peak in 1992, PCa incidence has been decreasing in the United States with an accelerated rate of decrease since 2012. Several previous studies have suggested that the decline in incidence has been associated with recommendations by the 2012 USPSTF against routine PSA testing . Figure 2 highlights the disparity between men over 50 years who received at least one PSA test and the same category of men who received their first PSA test between 1985 and 2005.
Mortality
Reprinted from Center et al., 2012.
Implications Of Available Evidence
PCa screening can detect early disease and it offers the potential to decrease morbidity and mortality. Despite potential and expected better outcomes from early detection, benefits from PCa screening remained unproven prior to 2018. Recent data from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force report documented that PSA screening offers a potential benefit of reducing the chance of death from PCa in some men aged 5569 years. The Task Force now recommends that men should discuss the benefits and harms of screening with their doctor, so they can make the best choice for themselves based on their individual circumstances.
Figure 1 illustrates incidence and mortality rates by geographical area. The comparison of mortality to incidence ratio is quite striking between developed and less developed countries. For example, the Caribbean has an MR/IR of 37%, while in Middle Africa, the ratio is as high as 90%. Conversely, the MR/IR ratio is 12% for Australia and New Zealand and 10% for Northern America. Even in regions where incidence rates are documented to be quite low such as South Central and Southeast Asia, the MR/IR ratio is as high as 64%.
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Asian Americans Native Hawaiians And Pacific Islanders
PCa is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Asian American , Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander men A total of 4,550 new cases were expected in 2016, which would have accounted for approximately 18% of all cancers in this group during that period. As illustrated in Figure 3 and Table 1, incidence rates are approximately two times higher in NHWs and three times higher in Blacks than in AANHPIs. Similar to the trend in other U.S. racial groups, PCa incidence rates peaked among AANHPIs in the early 1990s because of the rapid uptake of PSA testing, followed by a steady decline .
Prostate Cancer Incidence By Country
Incidence
and several other researchers noted that African American men have among the highest incidence of PCa worldwide, are more likely to develop PCa at any age, and develop the disease earlier in life than men from all other racial and ethnic groups. Parkin et al. noted that it is difficult to compare incidence rates among men of different races or compare rates between various countries because of differences in detection pathways and data collection.
The overall incidence of PCa increased in the United States between 1988 and 1992, but starting in 2007, it decreased at a rate of 6.5% per year for all races combined . The increase and decline in PCa incidence mimicked the dramatic increase and decrease in screening during the same years. That trend appears to be consistent with data from other studies. illustrates race-specific age-adjusted incidence rates of PCa in the U.S. population. Since the peak in 1992, PCa incidence has been decreasing in the United States with an accelerated rate of decrease since 2012. Several previous studies have suggested that the decline in incidence has been associated with recommendations by the 2012 USPSTF against routine PSA testing . highlights the disparity between men over 50 years who received at least one PSA test and the same category of men who received their first PSA test between 1985 and 2005.
Mortality
Awareness and early detection in African Americans and NHWs
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Why Do Countries Have Low Cancer Rates
The wide discrepancy in rates of cancer between the countries with the highest rates and the lowest rates is most likely due to insufficient poor data collection in developing nations. Countries like Niger and Sudan do not necessarily have lower rates of cancer rather, these nations simply do not have the infrastructure to accurately and completely identify and register those cases.
Some of the issue arises from the data that can be collected, says Rebbeck. We have numbers, but mostly aside from places like the United States and Northern Europe theyre not very complete.
Its estimated that less than 2% of the population of the entire continent of Africa is captured in the cancer data that are available, for example. In contrast, over 85% of the population is captured in cancer registries in North America.
When you layer so many factors like healthcare access, risk factors, exposures, and prevention strategies, it is difficult to know why variations in cancer rates occur, particularly when we have limited data with which to understand these factors Rebbeck continues,
Awareness And Early Detection In Africa
Based on the review and analysis of published studies and data, PCa incidence in Africa has been documented to be lower than that of African American men. PCa incidence rates in African men have increased between 1987 and 1992 and continue to increase over time . According to , no data exists on the prevalence of PSA testing in Africa, but it is generally held that early detection testing is not common. Given that PSA testing is relatively rare in several African countries such as Nigeria and The Gambia, PCa incidence rates are projected to increase as early detection, clinical diagnosis protocols, and economies improve. It is likely that improved availability and access to medical care and systems as well as better attainment, reporting, and documentation of cases may contribute to an increasing incidence rate trend .
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Surgical procedures to remove the diseased prostate are usually necessary. Surgical procedures are not always necessary. If the disease is caused by bacterial infections, a doctor can treat the symptoms using alpha-blockers or surgery. Physical therapy, relaxation exercises, and warm baths are all recommended. A physician may also prescribe antibiotics to cure the infection. A bacterial infection can also cause a recurrence of the condition.
An enlarged prostate can be uncomfortable for both men and women. Some of the symptoms of an enlarged male reproductive organ include a weakened urine stream, urgent need to urinate, and urinary tract infections. BPH can also cause damage to the kidneys. A sudden inability to urinate can be life-threatening, as it can lead to bladder and kidney damage. Unfortunately, most men with enlarged prostrates put up with the symptoms for years before they seek treatment. However, many of the men with symptoms finally decide to go to a doctor for proper gynecological evaluation and to begin enlarged prostatic therapy.
Deaths From Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men, behind only lung cancer. About 1 man in 41 will die of prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer can be a serious disease, but most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die from it. In fact, more than 3.1 million men in the United States who have been diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point are still alive today.
Our team is made up of doctors and oncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as journalists, editors, and translators with extensive experience in medical writing.
American Cancer Society. Facts & Figures 2021. American Cancer Society. Atlanta, Ga. 2021.
National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Stat Facts: Prostate Cancer. Accessed at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html on March 15, 2019.
Noone AM, Howlader N, Krapcho M, Miller D, Brest A, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA . SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2015, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015/, based on November 2017 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2018.
American Cancer Society. Facts & Figures 2021. American Cancer Society. Atlanta, Ga. 2021.
National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Stat Facts: Prostate Cancer. Accessed at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html on March 15, 2019.
Last Revised: January 12, 2021
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Reducing The Cancer Burden
Between 30 and 50% of cancers can currently be prevented by avoiding risk factors and implementing existing evidence-based prevention strategies. The cancer burden can also be reduced through early detection of cancer and appropriate treatment and care of patients who develop cancer. Many cancers have a high chance of cure if diagnosed early and treated appropriately.
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Prostate Cancer Incidence And Mortality Have Declined In Most Countries
- Date:
- American Association for Cancer Research
- Summary:
- Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are decreasing or stabilizing in most parts of the world, with the United States recording the biggest drop in incidence, according to new results.
Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are decreasing or stabilizing in most parts of the world, with the United States recording the biggest drop in incidence, according to results presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2019, March 29-April 3.
Despite the trend toward declining or stabilizing rates, prostate cancer remains the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide, said the studyâs lead author, MaryBeth Freeman, MPH, senior associate scientist, Surveillance Research, at the American Cancer Society in Atlanta.
âPrevious studies have indicated significant variation in prostate cancer rates, due to factors including detection practices, availability of treatment, and genetic factors,â Freeman said. âBy comparing rates from different countries, we can assess differences in detection practices and improvements in treatment.â
Of the 44 countries examined for incidence data, prostate cancer rates during the most recent five-year period increased in four countries, with Bulgaria showing the largest increase. Rates decreased in seven countries, with the United States showing the largest decrease. Rates stabilized in the remaining 33 countries.
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