Small Cell Prostate Cancer Treatment

Lung Cancer Survival Rates

Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time after they were diagnosed. They cant tell you how long you will live, but they may help give you a better understanding of how likely it is that your treatment will be successful.

Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. These statistics can be confusing and may lead you to have more questions. Talk with your doctor about how these numbers may apply to you, as he or she is familiar with your situation.

Clinical And Genomic Characterization Of Treatment

M6620 And Irinotecan Hydrochloride In Treating Patients With Solid Tumors That Are Metastatic Or Cannot Be Removed By Surgery

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This phase I trial studies the side effects and best dose of M6620 and irinotecan hydrochloride in treating patients with solid tumors that have spread to other places in the body or cannot be removed by surgery . M6620 and irinotecan hydrochloride may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth.

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Research And Clinical Trials

Doctors are always trying to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. But small cell prostate cancer is very rare, so it is harder to research than other more common types of prostate cancer.

Researchers are looking into immunotherapy for small cell prostate cancer. This is early stage research and it’s not clear whether these treatments will work well for small cell prostate cancer.

Go to Cancer Research UKs clinical trials database if you are looking for a trial for prostate cancer in the UK. You need to talk to your specialist if there are any trials that you think you might be able to take part in.

• Find a clinical trial

Clinical Information Of The Patients Reported In Literatures

The 26 cases were aged from 21 to 82 years . Because the median age was 61 years, patients were divided into two groups: < 59 years old and 60 years old. There were 15 cases in the 60 group . Most cases suffered from difficulty urinating, and 20 cases showed normal serum PSA levels. DRE indicated grade III prostate enlargement and hardening. Space-occupying lesions were detected by imaging examinations. Among them, 11 cases underwent prostate biopsies eight underwent transurethral resection of the prostate and seven underwent radical prostatectomy. For postoperative treatment, 13 cases received chemotherapy, two received radiotherapy, and 13 had a history of endocrine therapy .

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Testing The Addition Of An Experimental Medication Mk

open to eligible people ages 18 years and up

This phase I trial studies the side effects of pembrolizumab in treating patients with human immunodeficiency virus and malignant neoplasms that have come back , do not respond to treatment , or have distributed over a large area in the body . Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as pembrolizumab, may help the body’s immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread.

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Correlation Between Serum Psa Levels And Pathological Type

Among the 21 patients with pure SmCC, serum PSA levels in 18 cases were normal and only elevated in three cases. For the five mixed cases, three had an elevation, and the other two had serum PSA levels in the normal range. However, the results of the chi-square tests revealed no significant differences .

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Stage Iv Prostate Cancer Prognosis

Prostate cancers detected at the distant stage have an average five-year survival rate of 28 percent, which is much lower than local and regional cancers of the prostate. This average survival rate represents stage IV prostate cancers that have metastasized beyond nearby areas to lymph nodes, organs or bones in other parts of the body.

How We Treat Prostate Cancer

The prognosis for metastatic prostate cancer can be discouraging, but some treatment centerslike the Johns Hopkins Precision Medicine Center of Excellence for Prostate Cancerspecialize in innovative, individualized therapy with the potential to improve outcomes.

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Patient And Disease Variables

In our study cohort, the median age at diagnosis was 70 6276) . Survival data were available for 197 patients with a median follow-up time of 14 months and a total of 158 deaths. A majority of patients were white , lived in a metropolitan area and received treatment at a comprehensive cancer program . The year of diagnosis and region of diagnosis were evenly distributed across the study period. For patients with known CCI, the majority had CCI of 0 . Of the patients diagnosed after 2003, the median PSA was 4.9ngml1 and 61% presented with elevated measurements . Among men with recorded clinical T stage, 73% were staged cT12.

Table 1 Patient, hospital and clinical characteristics

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Clinicopathological Analysis On Small Cell Carcinoma Of The Prostate In Chinese Patients

Aitao Guo1,2, Shuang Wen3, Yaqi Ma1, Lixin Wei1, Aijun Liu1

1. Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China 100853.2. Department of Pathology, Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China 572014.3. Department of Pathology, Dalian Friendship Hospital of Liaoning Province, Dalian, China 116001.

Citation:J Cancer

A Useful Treatment For Patients With Advanced Mixed

Affiliations: Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan, Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan

This article is mentioned in:

Abstract

Introduction

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee ofKurume University . Written informedconsent was obtained from the patients family.

Case report

PSA,prostate-specific antigen CgA, chromogranin-A Syn,synaptophysin

+, extensivelypositive

+/, focallypositive

, negative.

The decision was made to administer EBRT and anintra-arterial infusion of cisplatin and ifosfamide astreatments for the local tumor and ischuria . An indwelling catheter was placed in the bilateral internaliliac artery and a pump was placed in a subcutaneous pocket inNovember 2007. At that time, the patients serum PSA level was0.144 ng/ml.

From December 2007, the patient received 3 coursesof intra-arterial chemotherapy and also underwent EBRT of the wholepelvic cavity and the local tumor with the swollen lymph node at atotal dose of 67 Gy. In the present case, no serious side-effectsthat posed a risk to the continuation of the intra-arterialinfusion chemotherapy were observed. The tumor volume was reducedin MRI and therefore, theurethral catheter was removed in April 2008 and the patient had nourinary symptoms. The patients PSA value had decreased to 0.015ng/ml by June 2008.

Discussion

References

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Where Do These Numbers Come From

The American Cancer Society relies on information from the SEER* database, maintained by the National Cancer Institute , to provide survival statistics for different types of cancer.

The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. The SEER database, however, does not group cancers by AJCC TNM stages . Instead, it groups cancers into localized, regional, and distant stages:

• Localized: There is no sign that the cancer has spread outside of the lung.
• Regional: The cancer has spread outside the lung to nearby structures or lymph nodes.
• Distant: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, such as the brain, bones, liver, or the other lung.

Apccc 202: Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancer: Definition Diagnosis Treatment

In the session of the 2022 Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference focusing on the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer , Dr. Small discussed aggressive variant prostate cancer and treatment-associated small cell/neuroendocrine prostate cancer .

To begin, he noted that primary small cell prostate cancer is very rare, representing only 1% of newly diagnosed prostate cancer. These patients often present with widely disseminated metastatic disease with visceral metastases commonly identified. Classically, these patients are non-PSA producing, with an androgen-receptor null phenotype. As a result, these patients are often not responsive to androgen-receptor targeted therapies and have a poor prognosis. In contrast, to primary small cell prostate cancer, treatment emergent small cell / neuroendocrine prostate cancer is an emerging resistance phenotype among patients initially diagnosed with adenocarcinoma.

Interestingly, treatment emergent small cell cancer is seen in surprisingly large proportion. This histologically evolves from adenocarcinoma, under selective pressures of treatment. Among these patients who develop t-SCNC , androgen receptor signalling associated gene expression falls.

While there is some shared mutational profile, RB1 and TP53 loss of function variants are more common in t-SCNC than in adenocarcinoma . Using whole genome sequencing, two hit RB-1 loss was most predictive of impaired survival.

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Genetic Features Of Neuroendocrine Tumors

The researchers also examined patterns of gene expression in the t-SCNC tumors and compared them with those of adenocarcinoma tumors. This analysis identified a group of 61 genes that were expressed differentially between the two subtypes. The investigators also identified the topmost upregulated master regulatorsproteins that control hundreds or thousands of other genes that are critical for cancer growth and survivalin the t-SCNC tumors.

Based on these findings, the researchers developed a unique pattern of gene expressioncalled a signaturefor t-SCNC tumors that correctly distinguished t-SCNC tumors from adenocarcinoma prostate tumors in separate sets of tumor samples.

The validated signature has several potential clinical uses, said Dr. Aggarwal, such as to identify genes or pathways that potentially can be targeted by drugs. And if effective drugs become available, the signature could also be used to help diagnose t-SCNC prostate tumors in cases where a traditional tumor biopsy is not possible or would be unreliable, he added.

Taken together, these findings suggest that t-SCNC tumors may have unique molecular characteristics that can potentially be targeted by drugs, Dr. Aggarwal explained.

Watchful Waiting Or Active Surveillance/active Monitoring

Asymptomatic patients of advanced age or with concomitant illness may warrantconsideration of careful observation without immediate active treatment. Watch and wait, observation, expectant management, and active surveillance/active monitoring are terms indicating a strategy that does not employ immediate therapy with curative intent.

Watchful waiting and active surveillance/active monitoring are the most commonly used terms, and the literature does not always clearly distinguish them, making the interpretation of results difficult. The general concept of watchful waiting is patient follow-up with the application of palliative care as needed to alleviate symptoms of tumor progression. There is no planned attempt at curative therapy at any point in follow-up. For example, transurethral resection of the prostate or hormonal therapy may be used to alleviate tumor-related urethral obstruction should there be local tumor growth hormonal therapy or bone radiation might be used to alleviate pain from metastases. Radical prostatectomy has been compared with watchful waiting or active surveillance/active monitoring in men with early-stage disease .

• Regular patient visits.
• Transrectal ultrasound .
• Transrectal needle biopsies .

Patient selection, testing intervals, and specific tests, as well as criteria for intervention, are arbitrary and not established in controlled trials.

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A Phase 2 Study Of Cediranib In Combination With Olaparib In Advanced Solid Tumors

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This phase II trial studies cediranib maleate in combination with olaparib in treating patients with solid tumors that have spread to other parts of the body or cannot be removed by surgery , including breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Cediranib maleate and olaparib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. Cediranib maleate may also block the flow of oxygen to the tumor, and may help make the tumor more sensitive to olaparib.

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Types Of Genes That Cause Cancer

The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genesproto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. These changes are sometimes called drivers of cancer.

Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes , allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not.

Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner.

DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA. Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes and changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous.

As scientists have learned more about the molecular changes that lead to cancer, they have found that certain mutations commonly occur in many types of cancer. Now there are many cancer treatments available that target gene mutations found in cancer. A few of these treatments can be used by anyone with a cancer that has the targeted mutation, no matter where the cancer started growing.

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Basal Cell Prostate Cancer

You might also hear this called adenoid cystic prostate cancer or basaloid carcinoma. Men who have basal cell prostate cancer can also have common prostate cancer at the same time. We dont know how aggressive it is. Some studies suggest it isnt very aggressive. But other studies suggest it might be more aggressive than common prostate cancer.

Basal cells dont produce PSA, and most men with basal cell prostate cancer have normal levels of PSA in their blood. This means that a PSA test probably wont help to diagnose basal cell prostate cancer.

Basal cell cancer can grow big enough to cause the urethra to narrow, this can cause difficulty urinating. So basal cell prostate cancer is often diagnosed when men have surgery called transurethral resection of the prostate to treat their urinary problems. Tissue removed during surgery is looked at under the microscope to confirm you have basal cell prostate cancer. You will also have scans to see if your cancer has spread.

Your treatment options will depend on how much the cancer has grown and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. You may be offered:

• or a combination of these treatments.

Your doctor or nurse will tell you what treatment options are available to you.

Treatment By Cancer Type

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Retrieval Method Of The Related Literature

All literature reports relating to SmCC of the prostate were accessed from the China Hospital Knowledge Database , the Chinese Medical Journal Database , the Chinese Medical Citation Index , and the Wanfang Database using the keywords small cell carcinoma, prostate, and neuroendocrine. The search located 29 cases in 19 reports -. The contents of these reports were then reviewed. Two cases were found to be duplicated and were eliminated -. Another case was also eliminated due to incomplete clinical and pathological data . In total, 26 cases were eligible -. Data on age, clinical symptoms and signs, serum PSA levels, DRE findings, ultrasound scans and MRI, surgical approach, postoperative therapy, follow-up time, and survival were collected.

Brain And Spinal Cord Tumors

There are different types of brain and spinal cord tumors. These tumors are named based on the type of cell in which they formed and where the tumor first formed in the central nervous system. For example, an astrocytic tumor begins in star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes, which help keep nerve cells healthy. Brain tumors can be benign or malignant .

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Small Cell Prostate Carcinoma: A Case Report And Review Of The Literature

Abdullah DemirtaAcademic Editor: Received

Abstract

Small cell prostate cancer constitutes less than 1% of all prostate cancers and has a poor prognosis. A 60-year-old male patient presented with dysuria, pollakiuria, and nocturia of about 1-year duration.The total PSA level at admission was 47.50ng/mL. The prostate needle biopsy result was reported as adenocarcinoma Gleason 5 + 3. The patient underwent transurethral prostate resection and bilateral orchiectomy. The TUR-P pathology result was consistent with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. He was offered systemic chemotherapy but refused it. Examinations and tests at the third postoperative month showed diffuse liver metastasis and vertebral bone metastasis. He died at the 6 months after surgery.

1. Introduction

2. Case Report

Irregular tumoral adenoid structures located inside fibroblastic stroma of prostate .

Observed structures, all of which were of tumoral quality. Patchy vascular structures were apparent. Frequent mitotic activities were present. Tumor cells consisted of atypical cells with uniform nuclei and narrow cytoplasm, and some with vesicular nuclei. Immunohistochemical studies showed a positive staining with CD56.

Observed structures all of which were of tumoral quality. Patchy vascular structures were apparent. Frequent mitotic activities were present. Immunohistochemical studies showed a positive staining with creatine.

3. Discussion

4. Conclusion

Disclosure