Prostate Cancer Incidence And Mortality In 2020
The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in 2020 of the major countries are shown in Table 1. Globally, more than 1.4 million new prostate cancer cases were diagnosed in 2020. The crude incidence rate was 36.0 per 100,000 males and the ASIR was 30.7 per 100,000 males. Data by continents in Figure 1 showed that, ASIRs in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern America and Oceania exceeded 59 per 100,000 males, while ASIRs in Africa and Asia were lower than 30 per 100,000 males. However, the regional distribution of ASMR was quite different, with the highest rate in Africa, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe, Oceania, Northern America and Asia.
Figure 1. Incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in 2020 by continent. Incidence rate Mortality rate ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate.
ASIRs substantially vary more than 123-fold among 174 countries, wherein the highest ASIR was 110.7 per 100,000 males in Ireland from Northern Europe while the lowest ASIR was 0.9 per 100,000 males in Bhutan from South-Central Asia. Similarly, ASMRs varied by more than 77-fold among 174 countries, from the lowest ASMR of 0.54 per 100,000 males in Bhutan from South-Central Asia to the highest ASMR of 41.7 per 100,000 males in Zimbabwe from Eastern Africa, in which the crude mortality rate was only 12.2 per 100,000 .
African Americans And Prostate Cancer
African American men are at an increased risk for developing prostate cancer over white men and other men of color. One in six Black men will develop prostate cancer in his lifetime. Overall, Black men are 1.7 times more likely to be diagnosed withand 2.1 times more likely to die fromprostate cancer than white men. Black men are also slightly more likely than white men to be diagnosed with advanced disease.
Fortunately, the racial divide for prostate cancer outcomes is narrowing. Overall, the five-year relative survival rate for Black men diagnosed with prostate cancer at any stage is 96%, which means that if a Black man is diagnosed with prostate cancer today, at any stage, there is a 96% chance he will be alive in five years. When the disease is caught early, for men of all races, this rate increases to over 99%. However, the five year survival rate for men whose prostate cancer is advanced is 31%.
> > > 1 Bedtime Hack To Pee Like A Bull
An enlarged prostate can also be the cause of other problems. If the enlarged prostate is causing symptoms, the best treatment would be a natural remedy. In the meantime, there are treatments for a wide range of conditions that cause a man to experience pain. A common surgical procedure involves an electric loop, laser, or electro-stimulation. The procedure is a safe and effective option for treating enlarged or symptomatic BPH.
Recommended Reading: New Treatments For Stage 4 Prostate Cancer
Cancer Mortality By Race And Ethnicity
Overall cancer mortality rates decreased for all racial and ethnic groups, with the largest decrease among Black people, but Black people continued to have the highest cancer mortality rate in 2018 . Between 2013 and 2018, the difference between the overall cancer mortality rate for Black and White people narrowed, but Black people remained at higher risk for cancer death. Among the leading four types of cancer death, mortality rates for female breast cancer decreased for White, Black, and Hispanic people and increased for Asian and Pacific Islander and AIAN people. Colon and rectum and lung and bronchus cancer mortality rates decreased across all racial and ethnic groups, while prostate cancer mortality rates decreased for Black and AIAN people but remained fairly stable for White and Asian and Pacific Islander people. Decreases over the period narrowed disparities in mortality for Black people for colon and rectum, lung and bronchus, and prostate cancer, although they remained at higher risk for dying from colon and rectum and prostate cancer compared to White people. The decreases largely eliminated the difference in lung and bronchus mortality rates between Black and White people, while the difference in breast cancer mortality rates remained largely stable.
Recommendations For Future Research And Public Health Implications
We hypothesise that the earlier onset of puberty could increase the risk of prostate cancer, particularly of a more aggressive nature, later in life, and could therefore account for the well-known, substantial racial differences in the burden of prostate cancer in the USA. This hypothesis does not imply that other factors do not in some way contribute to the differencesfor example, how access to care and treatment might affect clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, as summarised above, evidence suggests that some of the apparent racial disparities are likely to occur early in life, well before the influences of screening and treatments. More research is needed to corroborate our hypothesis, but the overall coherence of evidence helps to assure its plausibility. Ongoing research on the topic could help provide aetiologic clues to the racial disparity in morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer, and in the developmental origins of prostate cancer in general. It could further guide primary prevention and intervention strategies that convert the window of susceptibility during puberty into an opportunity for future investment in better health outcomes and well-being of the population.
Read Also: Prostate Cancer Treatment In Israel
Cancer Screening Diagnosis And Treatment By Race And Ethnicity
Research shows that the overall rate of cancer screening is lower among Black, Hispanic, Asian, and AIAN populations compared to their White counterparts, but people of color are more likely than White people to receive certain types of screening. Reasons for these variations in screening patterns across different groups are not well understood. Research suggests that outside of health insurance coverage and geographic differences, participation in cancer screening is related to multiple factors, such as provider recommendation, between patients and providers, perceptions of cancer screening, and gender differences in cancer screening behaviors, which may vary across communities.
Incidence And Mortality Data
Public Health England run cancer registration in England and created the 19902010 England National Cancer Data Repository Analysis Dataset, which brought together data from each English Cancer Registry for the period 19902010. In accordance with the National Health Service Act 2006, PHE is permitted to hold and process cancer data on people without their explicit consent. NCDR data on men diagnosed with prostate cancer were linked to the HES database, which contains data on inpatient and day case episodes for patients. The HES records contain a self-reported ethnicity field and so this database is the main source of ethnicity data for cancer patients. Linkage between NCDR and HES was based on NHS number, or postcode and date of birth if NHS number was not available. Overall, 99 % of people diagnosed with cancer were able to be linked.
PHE provided prostate cancer incidence, prostate cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality by 5-year age groups and major ethnic groups for 2008, 2009 and 2010 in England . As these were aggregated figures from routinely collected data, no ethical approval was needed for this study.
You May Like: Kidney Problems After Prostate Surgery
American Cancer Society Report Sheds Light On Cancer Statistics And Racial/ethnic Disparities
For World Cancer Day, CancerNetwork® reviews key highlights from the Cancer Facts & Figures 2022 report from the American Cancer Society, with updates in cancer incidence, mortality, and survival across patient subgroups.
Cancer Facts & Figures 2022 from the American Cancer Society highlights important developments and trends in cancer, including incidence, mortality, and survival by age, sex, and race. In honor of World Cancer Day, CancerNetwork® touches on some of the key highlights from the report.
The population-based incidence data were gathered from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program since 1973 and the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions National Program of Cancer Registries since 1995.1 Additionally, mortality findings from 1930 through 2019 were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. Cases of cancer were defined by International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, except for childhood and adolescent disease.
Can Racial/ethnic Disparities In Prostate Cancer Be Eliminated
Based on these observations, it is likely that a personalized approach to CaP prevention and treatment may be required. Rather than focus solely on race/ethnicity-specific differences and target large demographically defined groups, basic discovery of underlying risk factors and genomics may be required to understand and address an individuals risk, prevention, and treatment options. These risk factors and genomic traits may correlate with race or ethnicity, but the continued use of race/ethnicity as the stratifier around which CaP prevention and treatment is based may have limited efficacy. Thus, a precision medicine approach to addressing CaP disparities should be prioritized as a means of eliminating CaP disparities by race/ethnicity.
Read Also: Side Effects Of Prostate Supplements
Expected Cancer Incidence In 2022
Investigators expect an estimated incidence of new invasive cancers in the United States of 1,918,030, translating to 5250 new cases daily. Most common malignancies include 51,400 new cases of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in women, as well as 97,920 cases of melanoma in situ of the skin. The most diagnosed cancers in men are estimated to be prostate , lung and bronchus , colon and rectum , and urinary bladder .2 For women, the most diagnosed cancers are expected to be breast , lung and bronchus , colon and rectum , and uterine corpus .
Men have a slightly higher lifetime probability of being diagnosed with invasive cancer compared with women . The reasons for this are not completely understood but could be due in part to a higher exposure to cancer-causing environments and biological factors.
We Urgently Need More Research
Research is the only way that we will improve the situation for every person who is affected by prostate cancer.
Much more research is needed, not just to establish why Black men are at higher risk of developing prostate cancer, but also to understand if a persons ethnicity plays a role in their likelihood to benefit from specific cancer treatments. More understanding is also needed of the societal differences faced by Black men with prostate cancer and the impact it has on their quality of life.
We do not yet know the full extent to which biology contributes to Black men being at higher risk from prostate cancer or how Black men respond to current and new treatments. There is evidence that biology plays a part, for example studies have shown that certain proteins known to be important in cancer are seen at different levels in African American and Caucasian American men. We want to fund more research in this area to fully understand these differences in order to unlock new treatments and diagnostics.
Cancer can also cause changes in how a patient thinks, their feelings, moods, beliefs, ways of coping, and relationships with family, friends, and co-workers. How the Black community experiences prostate cancer treatment and prostate cancer itself can be overlooked and we want to fund more research in this area to ensure this is not the case.
Read Also: Can Prostate Cancer Be Transmitted Sexually
Biomarkers In The Context Of As
The effectiveness of observational management may also be enhanced by new innovations such as novel biomarkers in men considering AS. Novel tests such as Prolaris , Oncotype DX Prostate , and Decipher Biopsy analyze genomic patterns in biopsy specimens and can aid in decision making when considering AS versus definitive treatment. However, the underlying data that validates many of these novel biomarkers involve relatively few men of African descent relative to the general population . While there is no evidence to date to suggest that these tests perform differently in AA men compared to CA men, the fact that there may be biologic differences in the cancers in AA compared to CA men, maintains the possibility that these tests may be affected, though this remains to be seen. It is currently an area of increasing research. While these tests can be helpful in AA men, it is important physicians understand their strengths and limitations, and discuss these with their patients.
Assigning An Ethnicity To Records With Unknown Ethnicity
Missing ethnicity information can arise when there is no HES record matching a cancer registration or death certificate or no ethnic group recorded in HES. A large proportion of the data provided by PHE were categorized as having unknown ethnicity, particularly in the NCDR prostate cancer incidence data . Many prostate cancer incident cases do not require hospitalization. In 2012, only 12 % of men with prostate cancer had a radical prostatectomy during which they would have been classed as an in-patient. Most others are treated as out-patients or in primary care where their ethnicity is infrequently documented. However, by the time of a mans death, he is much more likely to have required hospitalization, which accounts for the lower proportion of missing ethnicity information in the mortality data .
Table 5 Missing ethnicity information in the prostate cancer incidence/mortality and all-cause mortality data supplied by PHE
You May Like: Cryotherapy Prostate Cancer Success Rate
Final Datasets And Best Estimate Of Lifetime Risk
The all ethnicity-combined lifetime risk calculations confirmed the need to account for the discrepancy in overall number of deaths between the PHE-supplied and the ONS data. Lifetime risk calculations, by ethnic group, were therefore conducted using two sets of mortality data: the PHE mortality data as supplied and the PHE data with the additional ONS deaths included . This second dataset, however, further compounded the issue of unknown ethnicity as any additional mortality counts from ONS lacked an ethnic classification. Table shows the effect that the different sources of data and methods of assigning ethnicity had on the number of prostate cancer incident cases, prostate cancer deaths, and all-cause deaths by ethnic group. Irrespective of the method used, the majority of the incident cases and deaths were assigned to the White category, as the majority of the population, and therefore also of the known cases, were White. When including the additional deaths from the ONS data , the number of all-cause deaths with unknown ethnicity increased from 34,839 to 147,573 .
Although this study is based on data from England only , the results can be assumed to be representative of men across the United Kingdom, as in the PROCESS study .
The full dataset of raw and manipulated data can be found in Additional file .
Other Racial Disparities In Cancer
Although cancer incidence is higher in the White populationwhich may be attributed to an overdiagnosis of breast cancerBlack men had the highest sex-specific incidence, which was 79% higher than Asian and Pacific Islander and 6% higher than White men from 2014 to 2018.Moreover, White women appeared to have the highest incidence of cancer from 2013 to 2018, which was 9% higher than in Black women despite this group having higher mortality by 12%. Interestingly, despite having a 4% lower incidence, Black women have a 41% higher mortality from breast cancer vs White women. Black men share similar disparities in cancer mortality, at more than double the rate of Asian and Pacific Islander patients and 19% higher than White male patients.
Despite the gap in disparities appearing significant, investigators note that Black/White disparities in mortality have decreased from 33% in 1993 to 14% in 2019.
Recommended Reading: How Long Can You Live With Recurrent Prostate Cancer
Racial Disparities In Prostate Cancer
Taking direct action to address unequal outcomes
1 in 4 Black men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer, compared to 1 in 8 White men and less again in men of other ethnicities. Our analysis has revealed that not enough is being done to address this, leading us to take both an awareness-raising and a research initiative in 2021.
> > > One Crazy Prostate Trick All Men Over 40 Should Try
Symptomatic treatment of an enlarged prostate usually involves a combination of medication and lifestyle changes. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables may be the best option if you suffer from chronic urination. It will help the body adjust to the increased size of the prostate. Also, taking regular urination intervals will help retrain the bladder to function properly. Inactivity also contributes to urine retention, and cold temperatures can increase the urge to urinate.
Invasive treatment of enlarged prostate includes medication that relieves the pressure on the urethra and bladder. However, if the condition is severe, it may require surgical intervention. If treatment is not successful, the enlarged prostate can become a potentially life-threatening disease. As the hormone levels in the body change, the enlarged prostate can lead to various complications, including urinary retention and even cancer. This is why it is critical to see a doctor for further evaluation.
Don’t Miss: Docetaxel Side Effects Prostate Cancer
Examining Cancer In American Indians And Alaskan Native Subgroup
In a special section of the report, investigators detailed specific cancer data that are unique to the United States population of American Indian and Alaskan Native individuals. Due to acts of genocide, forced displacement, and relocation perpetrated by US citizens and the military, it is reported that two-thirds of American Indian or Alaska Native individuals reside in tribal areas or surrounding regions known as Purchased/Referred Care Delivery Area counties. These areas are primarily located in the Western United States and are predominantly rural vs non-PRCDA counties. Due to persisting systemic racism, this subgroup has limited access to health care, high-quality education, and economic opportunities, leaving them twice as likely to live in poverty compared with White individuals.
Notably, cancer data by tribal affiliation are not currently available, but the report highlighted difference between PRCDA regions when available highlight the heterogeneity of cancer burden across this patient group. Incidence of cancer within this group is higher compared with the White population in several disease types, including lung, colorectal, and kidney cancers, as well as cancers if the liver, stomach, and cervix.
What Do The Racial/ethnic Disparities In Prostate Cancer Look Like
There are substantial differences in rates of prostate cancer across racial/ethnic groups that represent important disparities in CaP risk and outcomes. Disparities in CaP rates appear at all stages of the continuum of prostate carcinogenesis. Figure 1 shows the ratio of rates between African American and European American men for high-grade prostatic epithelial neoplasia , prevalent CaP , incident CaP, and CaP mortality . At almost every point along the CaP continuum and for most every age group, CaP is more common in AA men than EA men. These data suggest that the disparity may have a biological component, as the disparity is evident even before cancer is usually clinically detected. However, the AA:EA disparity increases in magnitude in clinically detected disease and mortality, suggesting that factors related to exposure, behavior, or access to care are also important factors in CaP disparities. The metrics shown in Table 1 and discussed below similarly reveal a complex picture of CaP disparities.
Also Check: What Makes Prostate Cancer Aggressive