Urine Test For Prostate Cancer Detection

Biochemical And Metabolic Markers

Secreted prostate fluid is an intriguing source of biomarkers that can be obtained non-invasively via collection of urine. The composition and content of prostatic secretions have been shown to mirror those of prostate tissue, presenting an opportunity to gain insight into the health of gland, which may be particularly useful for cancer detection since alterations in prostate secretory function and fluid composition are associated with malignancy . Biochemical urine tests generally require few processing steps and results can be obtained rapidly. The advantage of a simple workflow and easy interpretation associated with biochemical urine assays raises the possibility of inexpensive point-of-care testing .

Strengths and limitations of the various approaches to urinary biomarker detection.

Early Detection Saves Lives

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting Australian men .

Prostate cancer is the growth of abnormal cells in the prostate gland. This gland is only found in males and is about the size of a walnut.

The causes of prostate cancer are not understood and there is currently no clear prevention strategy.

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An enlarged prostate can also be the cause of other problems. If the enlarged prostate is causing symptoms, the best treatment would be a natural remedy. In the meantime, there are treatments for a wide range of conditions that cause a man to experience pain. A common surgical procedure involves an electric loop, laser, or electro-stimulation. The procedure is a safe and effective option for treating enlarged or symptomatic BPH.

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Secreted Components Of Prostatic Fluid

The earliest demonstration that prostate fluids could be detected in urine specimens was reported in a 1942 publication by Scott & Huggins that demonstrated the prostatic origin of urinary acid phosphatase . These observations were validated in subsequent studies by others , providing a foundation for future investigations into biochemical analysis of urine as a way to measure biomarkers derived from prostate secretions.

Optimization Of Tgia And Ria Assay Using Spiked Pca Cells In Control Urine

PCa cells were spiked into the urine of healthy male volunteers for the development and optimization of the TGiA and RiA assays before carrying out the tests in PCa patientsâ urine. From these experiments the fixation and filtration of urine samples, specificity, and sensitivity and automated microscopy of TGiA assay, and the Raman-active Immunolabeling Assay specificity and sensitivity and LOD of the RiA assay were determined ).

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The Problem With Surveillance

When a man is put into the active surveillance category, it can require invasive follow up.

Active surveillance can involve taking a PSA blood test every three months and then having an MRI or biopsy every two years.

The status is also a constant reminder that the person has cancer but his future is uncertain.

About 50 percent of men who partake in active surveillance wind up treating the cancer, even if it doesnt require treatment, researchers noted.

We currently lack the ability to tell which men diagnosed with prostate cancer will need radical treatment and which men will not, Shea Connell, PhD, a researcher and associate tutor at Norwich Medical School and the studys lead author, said in a statement.

Its clear that there is a considerable need for additional, more accurate tests, Connell said.

Retrospective And Prospective Urine Cohorts

A multicenter retrospective study was conducted at San Francisco General Hospital with Institutional Review Board approval to collect and test archived urine sediments to identify and validate urine biomarkers for PCa diagnosis and prognosis. The prospectively designed, retrospective study used pre-biopsy urine samples randomly chosen from sample archives at the Cooperative Human Tissue Network Southern Division and Indivumed GmbH . This study followed the REMARK guidelines. With prior ethical approval and patient consent for future studies, urine samples were collected from 520 patients who had elevated PSA or symptoms and were diagnosed to have prostate cancer by routine biopsy after the urine collection. The patients were recruited from July 2004 to November 2014 with follow-up through June, 2015.

During the follow-up period, all the patients who had radical prostatectomy or other treatments were assessed periodically for biochemical recurrence and cancer metastasis .

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Could A Home Urine Test Revolutionise Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Were Funding Research To Find Out

A prostate cancer urine test which has the potential to spot men with aggressive prostate cancer hit the headlines today. In partnership with Movember, we’re funding the next stage of research to test this in a larger group of men.

A prostate cancer urine test which has the potential to spot men with aggressive prostate cancer hit the headlines today. Now, Prostate Cancer UK and Movember are funding the next stage of research to test this in a larger group of men.

The research, led by Dr Jeremy Clark and Professor Colin Cooper at the University of East Anglia and the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, showed a home-based urine test has the potential to spot prostate cancer that requires treatment.

The PUR test looks at biomarkers for prostate cancer that are secreted into the urine from the cancer. This information can be used to help predict whether prostate cancer is aggressive and needs treatment, or can be monitored without treatment under active surveillance.

In the study, 14 men gave a urine sample both in the clinic after a digital rectal examination, and at home from their first urination of the day. The researchers found results from the at-home test were better at predicting which men had prostate cancer that needed treatment. In the future, an at-home urine test for monitoring prostate cancer could save men the stress, time and inconvenience of having to attend a clinic.

Urine: A Promising Sample Type To Detect And Monitor Prostate Cancer

Finding new and specific biomarkers for prostate cancer can improve cancer detection and overall patient outcomes.

The increasing knowledge of multi-omics has great potential for prostate cancer research. Several biomarker candidates have been identified in urine. Urine, as a non-invasive liquid biopsy sample type, offers new ways to screen for this cancer and presents advantages over current testing methods as the process is easy, quick, and non-invasive.

Current methods for prostate cancer detection have limitations

The most commonly used tests for prostate cancer detection are the prostate-specific antigen blood test, an MRI, and/or a biopsy . Non-cancerous conditions can also result in elevated serum PSA levels, resulting in poor specificity. Additionally, biopsies can be painful, invasive, difficult to perform, and have associated complications .

Another challenge with current prostate cancer detection methods is the inability to differentiate aggressive tumors from slow-growing ones. Many types of prostate cancer tumors are slow-growing and may not require treatment in a mans lifetime. Therefore, it is important to establish the severity of the cancer in order to prevent overdiagnosis and overtreatment .

Urine as a sample type

Studies have shown that there are various biomarker candidates for prostate cancer that are found in urine, including prostate cells, DNA, RNA, proteins, extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and other small molecules .

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Prostate Cancer Urine Test

This test detects the gene PCA3 in your urine and can also help your doctorbetter assess your prostate cancer risk.

PCA3 is a prostate-specific noncoding RNA. Its a gene thats only in yourprostate. If the gene is overexpressed , then theres a greater chance you have prostate cancer.

Like PSA and PHI tests, this isnt definitive, either. But data suggestthat when cancer is present, the PCA3 will be positive 80 percent of thetime. This test can also help your doctor determine whether a biopsy isnecessary.

Both of these new tests are more accurate than the PSA test. Your doctormay recommend one or more than one, based on the specifics of your case.

How Does Prostate Cancer Screening Work

A doctor can usually perform a prostate cancer screening in an examination room at their office.

To complete a PSA test, a medical professional will take a blood draw and send it to a lab. A doctor can help you prepare for the blood draw. Results are usually available after a few days.

Similarly, a PCA3 test will require you to provide a urine sample. The doctor will send the sample to a lab and get the results back in a few days.

A DRE does not require a lab, so your doctor can provide immediate feedback.

In the early stages, prostate cancer usually doesnt have any symptoms. By the time you notice symptoms, the cancer can advance, making treatment much more difficult.

Before screening became available, one of the most common ways people discovered their prostate cancer was paralysis after the cancer spread to the spine.

So, the main benefit of screening is the ability to detect the disease at an early stage when it is more easily and effectively treatable. Screening can reduce your risk of death from prostate cancer by

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Another type of prostate issue is chronic prostatitis, or chronic pelvic pain syndrome. This condition causes pain in the lower back and groin area, and may cause urinary retention. Symptoms include leaking and discomfort. In severe cases, a catheter may be required to relieve the symptoms. If the problem is unresponsive to other treatments, your doctor may suggest a surgical procedure. If these do not work, your symptoms could progress and become chronic.

An acute bacterial infection can cause a burning sensation. Inflammation of the prostate can affect the bladder and result in discomfort and other symptoms. This is the most common urinary tract problem in men under 50, and the third most common in men over 65. The symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis are similar to those of CPPS. Patients may experience a fever or chills as a result of the infection.

Urine Test Found To Be Extremely Accurate At Detecting Aggressive Prostate Cancer With Few False Negatives

Date:

Michigan Medicine – University of Michigan

Summary:

A urine test could have avoided one third of unnecessary prostate cancer biopsies while failing to detect only a small number of cancers, according to a validation study that included more than 1,500 patients.

A urine test based on University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center research could have avoided one third of unnecessary prostate cancer biopsies while failing to detect only a small number of cancers, according to a validation study that included more than 1,500 patients. The findings appear in the March issue of the Journal of Urology.

The MyProstateScore test, which is being commercialized by LynxDX, a U-M startup company, measures levels of cancer-specific genes in a patient’s urine. It is based on U-M research that discovered that half of all prostate tumors harbor a certain genetic anomaly in which the genes TMPRSS2 and ERG relocate on a chromosome and fuse together — creating an on-switch for prostate cancer development.

Currently, one of doctors’ best methods for detecting prostate cancer is a blood test for prostate-specific antigen, commonly known as the PSA test. Elevated PSA levels may indicate cancer, but the majority of men with an elevated PSA do not actually have prostate cancer.

Tosoian and two of his co-authors were founders of LynxDX and hold an equity stake in the company.

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Urine Test Can Help Diagnose Aggressive Prostate Cancer

Recent research has revealed that a new urine test can detect aggressive prostate cancer cases that need treatment up to 5 years sooner than other diagnostic methods.

Researchers from the University of East Anglia in Norwich, United Kingdom, and the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital carried out the study.

They revealed that an experimental urine test, called Prostate Urine Risk , can distinguish who will and who will not require treatment within the first 5 years of diagnosis.

The findings now appear in the journal BJU International.

Prostate Cancer News

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How The New Urine Test Works

The research team used machine learning to assess gene expression in urine samples collected from 537 men.

When they looked at the cell-free expression of 167 genes in urine samples, they found a mathematical combination of 35 different genes that could be used to produce the PUR risk signatures.

The new test uses four PUR signatures to assess noncancerous tissue and risk groups, which lets doctors know if a person is at low-, intermediate-, or high-risk.

The PUR test measures the expression of approximately 30 genes in urine and gauges the rate at which certain functional units in the cell are being produced.

From there, the tests create a score. If this score is high, the man will need treatment sooner. If its low, the man will need treatment later, or might not need treatment at all, explained Daniel Brewer, PhD, a senior lecturer at the University of East Anglia and one of the studys researchers.

Doctors have challenges when it comes to classifying which tumors will become more aggressive.

This makes it more difficult to determine appropriate treatments.

To detect prostate cancer, doctors commonly use the prostate-specific antigen blood test or a physical test known as a digital rectal examination, a magnetic resonance imaging scan, or a biopsy.

The PSA test is the standard assessment, but about 75 percent of men with an elevated PSA level wind up having biopsies but no cancer, the researchers noted in their study.

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Blood And Urine Tests

Blood and urine tests look for excess hormones and other substances. Certain neuroendocrine tumors produce a neurotransmitter called serotonin, a chemical messenger that transmits messages to nerve cells and occurs naturally in the body. As serotonin breaks down, it produces a byproduct called 5-HIAA. Urine tests are used to detect excess amounts of 5-HIAA. Serotonin levels may also be checked via blood test.

Urine Test Accurate Alternative To Invasive Biopsies In Prostate Cancer Detection Study Finds

A urine test that measures cancer-specific genes for prostate cancer could be an effective alternative to invasive biopsies, according to validation study results published in the March issue of the Journal of Urology.

The study included 1,525 patients at academic health centers in community health settings. Of those, 338 patients had cancers that a biopsy detected and were in need of immediate treatment, meaning they were group grade two or higher prostate cancer. The study found 33 percent or 387 biopsies that detected either no cancer or slow-growing cancer could have been avoided if the urine test had been available to patients instead. The test would have missed 10 clinically significant cancers or 3 percent, according to the findings.

The MyProstateScore test is based on earlier research that found half of all prostate tumors have a certain genetic anomaly indicative of prostate cancer development. Currently, the standard method for detecting prostate cancer is a two-step process in which patients undergo a prostate-specific antigen blood test, or PSA test. If patients are found to have elevated PSA levels, a transrectal biopsy is then performed to identify whether prostate cancer is present.

“The data showed that this straightforward, secondary testing approach could reduce the use of more costly and invasive procedures following a PSA test,” said Jeffrey Tosoian, MD, lead study author and clinical urology lecturer at Ann-Arbor-based Michigan Medicine.

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Data Analysis And Algorithm For Identification Of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer

Gene expression data were downloaded and analyzed using ABI Quantstudio 6 software . The mean cycle threshold value from triplicate PCR was used as the gene expression level of each gene . The housekeeping gene beta-actin was measured and used to normalize each gene in the classifier .

For the identification of clinically significant and insignificant PCa by the 24-Gene Classifier in the urine samples, CtS of the 24 genes was used in the following Urine Clinically Significant Cancer Algorithm:

CUrineCSC = AH+

* 24 are gene 1 and gene 1 cross clinically insignificant PCa regression coefficients through gene 24 and gene 24 cross clinically insignificant PCa regression coefficients. The sample was diagnosed as clinically significant PCa when the Urine Clinically Significant Cancer D Score was > 0, whereas the sample was diagnosed as clinically insignificant PCa when the D Score was 0.

The diagnostic method of clinically significant and insignificant PCa by the 24-Gene Classifier in the prostate tissue specimens is described in the Supplementary Data.

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Study: New Prostate Cancer Test Could Avoid Unnecessary Biopsies

Urine test found to be extremely accurate at detecting aggressive prostate cancer with few false negatives.

A urine test based on University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center research could have avoided one third of unnecessary prostate cancer biopsies while failing to detect only a small number of cancers, according to a validation study that included more than 1,500 patients. The findings appear in the March issue of the Journal of Urology.

The MyProstateScore test, which is being commercialized by LynxDX, a U-M startup company, measures levels of cancer-specific genes in a patients urine. It is based on U-M research that discovered that half of all prostate tumors harbor a certain genetic anomaly in which the genes TMPRSS2 and ERG relocate on a chromosome and fuse together creating an on-switch for prostate cancer development.

Currently, one of doctors best methods for detecting prostate cancer is a blood test for prostate-specific antigen, commonly known as the PSA test. Elevated PSA levels may indicate cancer, but the majority of men with an elevated PSA do not actually have prostate cancer.

Our ultimate goal was to determine whether the MyProstateScore test could be a practical, reliable test that could rule out the need for more costly or invasive testing in men referred for a prostate biopsy, says study lead author Jeffrey Tosoian, M.D., M.P.H., a clinical lecturer in urology at Michigan Medicine.