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Predisposing Factors Of Prostate Cancer

Stages Of Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer: Risk Factors

A staging method can help the doctor determine how far cancer has spread.

Prostate cancer is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer TMN staging system. The system, like many other types of cancer, stages it by:

  • the tumors size or location
  • involvement of lymph nodes

Prostate cancer has 4 stages with stage 4 being the most advanced stage of the disease.

Colon Cancer Risk Factors

But risk factors don’t tell us everything. Having a risk factor, or even several risk factors, does not mean that you will get the disease. And some people who get the disease may not have any known risk factors.

The following are the risk factors for colon cancer:

  • Racial and ethnic backgroundAfrican Americans have the highest colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates of all racial groups in the United States. The reasons for this are not yet understood. Jews of Eastern European descent have one of the highest colorectal cancer risks of any ethnic group in the world. Several gene mutations leading to an increased risk of colorectal cancer have been found in this group. The most common of these DNA changes, called the I1307K APC mutation, is present in about 6% of American Jews.
  • Type 2 diabetesPeople with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Both type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer share some of the same risk factors . But even after taking these factors into account, people with type 2 diabetes still have an increased risk.
  • Lifestyle-related factorsSeveral lifestyle-related factors have been linked to colorectal cancer. In fact, the links between diet, weight, and exercise and colorectal cancer risk are some of the strongest for any type of cancer. Other lifestyle-related factors associated with an increased risk of colon cancer include: smoking and heavy alcohol use.
  • How Is It Diagnosed

    The most common test to diagnose the condition is a prostate-specific antigen test. The PSA test measures the level of PSA in a mans blood, which can indicate the presence of prostate cancer. If your doctor orders this test and it returns positive, they will order additional tests to determine whether or not you have cancer. Other tests that may be used to diagnose prostate cancer include:

    Digital rectal exam : In this exam, your doctor will insert a gloved finger into your rectum and feel for lumps or irregularities. This test is often uncomfortable and invasive, but it can be very effective at helping doctors determine whether or not there is something wrong with your prostate gland.

    A prostate biopsy involves removing a tissue sample from your prostate gland so a pathologist can examine it under a microscope. You may need further treatment, such as surgery or radiation therapy if abnormal cells are present.

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    What You Need To Know About The Prostate Predisposing Factors Of Prostate Cancer

    A enlarged prostate can also cause blockages in the urethra. A blocked urethra can also damage the kidneys. A patient suffering from an enlargement of the prostate may have pain in his lower abdomen and genitals. If pain is present, a digital rectal examination will reveal hard areas. A doctor may prescribe surgery or perform an endoscopic procedure. If the enlarged prostate is not completely removed, it will shrink.

    While the size of an enlarged prostate will influence the extent of urinary symptoms, men may experience a range of urinary symptoms. Some men have minimal or no symptoms at all. Some men will have a very enlarged prostate, whereas others will have a mild enlargement. Generally, the symptoms can stabilize over time. Some men may have an enlarged prostate but not notice it. If they have an enlarged colon, their physician can perform a TURP procedure.

    Causes Of Prostate Cancer

    Reduce Prostate Cancer Risk With Healthy Food Options

    The specific cause of prostate cancer is not yet known. But we know that mutations in a normal prostate cells DNA can cause the cell to grow uncontrollably. The cause of these mutations can be from an inherited gene in some cases. Studying both the DNA changes in prostate cells and the risk factors will continue to help cancer researchers learn more about how prostate cells become cancerous.

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    Prostate Cancer Nursing Care Plans Diagnosis And Interventions

    Prostate Cancer NCLEX Review and Nursing Care Plans

    Prostate cancer is the most often diagnosed cancer in men around the world. The American Cancer Society predicts that 268,490 men in the United States will be newly diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2022.

    The prostate is a tiny gland that lies behind the bladder and surrounds the urethra in a mans lower abdomen and is controlled by the hormone testosterone.

    Prostate cancer occurs when an abnormal, malignant growth of cells, known as a tumor, arises in the prostate. As the disease progresses, these tumor cells have the potential to spread to other parts of the body.

    Because the cancer is made up of prostate cells in these circumstances, it is still called prostate cancer.

    Treatment For Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

    Treatment for BPH involves pharmacologic and surgical interventions and they are the following:

  • The goal of pharmacological treatment for BPH is to prevent further complications. The options are:
  • Alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers hinder or block effects of postganglionic synapses of the smooth muscles and exocrine glands
  • 5-alpha reductase inhibitors treat symptomatic BPH by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to DHT , thereby dropping DHT levels and decreasing prostate size
  • phosphodiesterase-5 enzyme inhibitors These agents improve the symptoms of BPH by relaxing the smooth muscles of the lower urinary tract
  • Anticholinergic agents Historically not used for treatment of BPH due to concerns of retention of urine in the bladder however, trials on patients administered the agents showed slight increase in post-void residual urine amount when using anticholinergics.
  • Combination therapy Both an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker and 5-alpha reductase inhibitor may be given if single agents may prove ineffective in addressing BPH symptoms.
  • Transurethral resection of prostate Involves utilizing a scope inserted through the urethra in order to remove the inner tissues of the prostate except the outermost layer.
  • Open prostatectomy Traditional surgical removal of the enlarged prostate.
  • Minimally invasive treatment
  • Transurethral incision of the prostate minimally invasive procedure performed for patients with moderately enlarged prostates.
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    Calculation Of Allele Frequency

    Allele frequencies in different databases may vary slightly and the frequency of each risk allele was calculated by averaging frequencies in these 3 databases with justification for sample sizes. To further account for attributable risk of the risk alleles, weighted frequency was calculated using the equation: Fw=F*OR/ORmax, where OR is the corresponding odds ratio of the risk allele and ORmax is the largest odds ratio among risk alleles.

    What Are The Signs & Symptoms Of Prostate Cancer

    Prostate Cancer: Risk Factors

    The signs and symptoms can vary from man to man. Some men may never experience symptoms, while others may notice changes in their urinary habits or sexual function. Some of the most common signs and symptoms include:

    • Frequent urination, especially at night
    • Weak or interrupted urine flow
    • Difficulty starting urination or holding back urine
    • A feeling that you have to urinate right away an urgent need to urinate, even if its not full

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    Diagnosis Of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

    Diagnosing BPH involves a variety of techniques and are listed below:

    • Digital rectal examination DRE is the most significant part of a physical exam when diagnosing BPH. The healthcare provider can easily assess for size, contour, presence of nodules or areas suggestive of malignancy, just by performing this exam.

    Laboratory studies involves the following:

    • Urinalysis utilized to assess for presence of bacteria, blood, WBCs, protein or glucose that can suggest for urinary retention caused by BPH.
    • Urine culture Utilized to exclude infections of the urinary tract when abnormal findings where first detected in urinalysis
    • Prostate-specific antigen PSA is an enzyme and cancer marker for Prostate cancer. Though BPH does not cause prostate cancer, men with the former diagnosis are also at risk for the latter.
    • Electrolytes, Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine These studies are useful to evaluate renal health, especially for those patients who have high post void residual urine volumes.
    • Ultrasound Ultrasound of the whole abdomen, including the kidneys and thru the transrectal approach will help to evaluate the bladder, prostate size, and signs of renal insufficiency.
    • Endoscopy of the lower urinary tract Involves the direct visualization of the structures to assess for internal structures.

    Other tests include:

    Veterans & Chemical Exposure

    Exposure to chemicals and defoliants can add to prostate cancer risk and severity. Studies have shown Vietnam and Korean War Veterans with exposure to defoliants like Agent Orange have a higher occurrence of prostate cancer. In fact, Veterans are about twice as likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer than men who have never served in the military. Read more about Veterans and prostate cancer here.

    Farmers and other men who work with large amounts of pesticides can be at increased risk and those who are frequently exposed to metal cadmium like welders, battery manufacturers, and rubber workers are abnormally vulnerable to prostate cancer. There is some evidence that firefighters are also at higher risk.

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    Vitamin D Deficiency And Sun Exposure

    Vitamin D behaves like a hormone in the body and is produced in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun. It’s been known for some time that people assigned male at birth who live in northern regions are more likely to develop the disease than those in southern latitudes, and this increased risk is thought by some to be related to vitamin D deficiency.

    Other research has suggested that high serum vitamin D levels may reduce the risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Fortunately, vitamin D levels can be tested a via a simple blood test, and people assigned male at birth can talk to healthcare providers about supplementation if needed.

    Nursing Care Plan Bph 3

    Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer

    Nursing Diagnosis: Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to nocturia secondary to BPH as evidenced by verbalization of inability to sleep, delayed sleep onset, bladder pain or discomfort, frequent urination, restlessness, and irritability

    Desired Outcome: The patient will report an improved rest/sleep pattern and verbalize feeling well-rested.

    BPH Nursing Interventions

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    Hereditary Cancer Risk Evaluation

    When several persons in the same family are diagnosed with prostate cancer or if the type of cancer that is usually detected at an older age is diagnosed early, genetic counselling might be advisable. Genetic predisposition to cancer can be determined by a specialist in genetics. If necessary the specialist can make a hereditary cancer risk evaluation.

    What Is The Outlook

    Although some cases of prostate cancer are aggressive, most are not. Most men diagnosed with this disease can expect a good outlook and many years of life ahead of them. The earlier your cancer is diagnosed, the better your outlook. Diagnosing and treating prostate cancer early can improve your chance of finding curative treatment. Even men who are diagnosed in later stages can benefit greatly from treatment. These benefits include reducing or eliminating symptoms, slowing further growth of the cancer, and prolonging life by many years.

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    What Causes Prostate Cancer

    Researchers do not know exactly what causes prostate cancer. But they have found some risk factors and are trying to learn just how these factors might cause prostate cells to become cancer cells.

    On a basic level, prostate cancer is caused by changes in the DNA of a normal prostate cell. DNA is the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. We usually look like our parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects more than just how we look.

    Some genes control when our cells grow, divide into new cells, and die:

    • Certain genes that help cells grow, divide, and stay alive are called oncogenes.
    • Genes that normally keep cell growth under control, repair mistakes in DNA, or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes.

    Cancer can be caused by DNA mutations that keep oncogenes turned on, or that turn off tumor suppressor genes. These types of gene changes can lead to cells growing out of control.

    DNA changes can either be inherited from a parent or can be acquired during a persons lifetime.

    Anthropometric Factors And Physical Activity

    Risk Factors For Prostate Cancer | Norton Cancer Institute

    Measures of obesity and height have been extensively studied in relation to prostate cancer risk. These studies do not indicate any substantial association between either obesity or height and prostate cancer.13 Adult height was hypothesized to be important, in part because it is influenced by nutrition during childhood. However, attained height is not correlated with adult levels of the somatotrophin insulin-like growth factor -1, which has been linked to prostate cancer risk. The lack of association between obesity and prostate cancer is vexing because obesity reduces sex hormone-binding globulin levels, which could lead to an increase in bioavailable testosterone, and increases both insulin and bioavailable IGF-1, which are both potentially important prostate mitogens. Relatively little research has been conducted so far on body fat distribution, as opposed to total body fat. Of particular interest is abdominal fat, which has metabolic effects different from those of subcutaneous fat. In addition, investigators have hypothesized that physical activity, apart from its beneficial effect on body fat, could reduce prostate cancer risk. The data thus far, however, are not conclusive, perhaps due to difficulty in measuring physical activity in study populations or assessment of activity during the wrong period of life.

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    Lifestyle Is Relevant And Follow

    In an attempt to prevent prostate cancer, the best way is to have a healthy diet and pursue diverse physical activities, avoiding smoking and other unhealthy lifestyles.

    At an older age, it is good to monitor the potential development of prostate cancer by undegoing PSA testing and health checks on a regular basis. When suspecting genetic predisposition to cancer, regular follow-up is also advisable.

    If you wish to book an appointment with nutrition therapist Reijo Laatikainen or consider having a hereditary evaluation made, please call our phone service +358 10 773 2010.

    International Rates And Migration

    Prostate cancer exhibits an extraordinary amount of variation in its occurrence worldwide. For example, the incidence rate for African Americans is approximately 60-fold higher than the rate among men in Shanghai, China.6 Although part of this disparity is due to differences in diagnostic ascertainment and the prevalence of screening, mortality rates, which are less subject to such influences, also vary profoundly. For example, the mortality rate for African Americans from 1988 to 1992 was approximately 12 times higher than the mortality rate in Hong Kong. These differences notwithstanding, mortality is increasing faster in the westernizing parts of Asia than anywhere else in the world. Observation of Asian migrants, moreover, provides the most compelling argument for environmental influences linked to Western lifestyle as causal factors in prostate cancer. Japanese Americans have an incidence rate 43 times higher than their counterparts in Japan, and there are data indicating that migrants develop the high-risk pattern within one generation.6,7 Shimizu and colleagues reported that prostate cancer incidence rates in Los Angeles among migrants from Japan were similar regardless of whether men immigrated early or later in life.7 We interpret this to mean that environmental forces can accelerate the progression of latent tumors even late in life.

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    Skin Cancer Risk Factors

    But risk factors don’t tell us everything. Having a risk factor, or even several risk factors, does not mean that you will get the disease. And some people who get the disease may not have any known risk factors.

    Basal and Squamous Cell CancerThese types of cancer usually occur on the sun exposed, areas or surfaces, of your skin. They generally affect surface cells that grow slowly, but may also go into deeper layers of the skin. These types of skin cancer are more easily cured if caught early.

    MelanomaThis type of cancer can start anywhere on the skins surface, it does not have to be on an area exposed to the sun. It is curable if found in the very early stages.

    • Ultraviolet light exposureExposure to ultraviolet rays is a major risk factor for most melanomas. Sunlight is the main source of UV rays. Tanning lamps and beds are also sources of UV rays. People who get a lot of UV exposure from these sources are at greater risk for skin cancer, including melanoma.
    • MolesA nevus is a benign pigmented tumor. Moles are not usually present at birth but begin to appear in children and young adults. Most moles will never cause any problems, but a person who has many moles is more likely to develop melanoma.

    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan

    Development of animal models underlining mechanistic connections ...

    Like CT scans, MRI scans show detailed images of soft tissues in the body. But MRI scans use radio waves and strong magnets instead of x-rays.

    MRI images are very useful in showing cancer that has spread outside of the bladder into nearby tissues or lymph nodes. A special MRI of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, known as an MRI urogram, can be used instead of an IVP to look at the upper part of the urinary system.

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    Gene Mutations And Genetic Syndromes

    It’s thought that 10% of prostate cancers are related to inherited mutations for which testing is now available. The chance that a prostate cancer is hereditary is increased if at least three relatives have had prostate cancer.

    Some genetic changes associated with prostate cancer include:

    • BRCA gene mutations: Both BRCA1 gene mutations and BRCA2 gene mutations carry an increased risk of prostate cancer. It’s important to note that both of these mutation types may be associated with different cancers in different family members. So, for example, a healthcare provider may be more concerned that you have one of these mutations if you have young relatives who have had breast cancer and another family member who has had pancreatic cancer than if you have a few relatives assigned male at birth who had prostate cancer at a later age.
    • Lynch syndrome : This syndrome is caused by mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes and is associated more strongly with colorectal cancer.
    • RNASEL mutations: These mutations affect a tumor suppressor gene.
    • HOXB13 mutations: These mutations are uncommon and are associated with prostate cancer in younger people assigned male at birth.

    Gene mutations can be confusing. It is not usually the gene mutation itself that gives rise to cancer. Many of the genes associated with an increased risk of cancer are tumor suppressor genes.

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