Most Common Type Of Prostate Cancer

Why Does Prostate Cancer Happen

The causes of prostate cancer are largely unknown. However, certain things can increase your risk of developing the condition.

The chances of developing prostate cancer increase as you get older. Most cases develop in men and anyone with a prostate aged 50 or older.

For reasons not yet understood, prostate cancer is more common in men and anyone with a prostate of African-Caribbean African descent. It’s less common in men and anyone with a prostate of Asian descent.

Men and anyone with a prostate who have first-degree male relatives affected by prostate cancer are also at a slightly increased risk.

Read more about the causes of prostate cancer

Genetic And Genomic Tests For Localized Prostate Cancer

Genetic testing

A man’s inherited genes predict his prostate cancer risk. For a long time, we have known that there is a family risk in prostate cancer. If your father or brother has prostate cancer, or your mother or sister has breast or ovarian cancer, you are at higher risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer. To partially quantify that genetic risk, a germline test can be performed before a biopsy. This test of DNA from healthy cells can determine whether you have inherited genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, known to increase prostate cancer risk. If the test shows you’re low risk, you may be able to avoid a biopsy even if you have a slightly elevated PSA, while still being actively monitored for prostate cancer.

Genomic testing

If already diagnosed with prostate cancer, you may undergo another type of test for assessing your genetic risk. A genomic test of tissue from your biopsy or prostatectomy can look for somatic mutations, alterations in the DNA of the cancer cells themselves. Genomic tests measure expression of various genes that relate to how aggressive a cancer is likely to be. They indicate how rapidly cancer cells are growing and how genetically abnormal they are relative to normal cells.

Side Effects Of Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy may cause side effects associated with low testosterone, such as hot flashes, sweating, weight gain, reduced sexual desire and depression. Some men also may experience swollen breasts, depression, memory loss and heart problems. Eventually, the cancer may become resistant to hormone therapy. If hormone therapy stops working, doctors may switch treatments.

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Joining A Clinical Trial

Clinical trials are medically supervised, carefully controlled patient studies that attempt to determine whether a proposed new treatment is both safe and effective. Clinical trials also look at whether a new treatment can lead to better outcomes than existing treatments. These studies may involve researchers from a variety of disciplines, such as general medicine, medical specialties, genetics, biology, chemistry, engineering and psychology. Clinical trials are conducted at medical centers around the country, and participants are often actively recruited.

New treatments are continually being developed for prostate cancer. Many prostate cancer trials are designated for patients with a rising PSA after local treatment or for those with advanced, metastatic cancers. However, there are also many trials for men with less aggressive cancer, such as the active surveillance trials at UCSF. We also conduct trials of neoadjuvant treatment, which are medications given before surgery for higher-risk prostate cancer. Several new treatments and approaches show promise some as simple as lifestyle changes in diet and exercise.

Funding sources for clinical trials include the National Cancer Institute, Department of Defense, universities and medical centers, private research foundations, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and various combinations of these groups.

Clinical trials usually occur in phases:

Who Is At Risk For Prostate Cancer

Certain men are at higher risk than others for prostate cancer, which may affect when they should start being screened. The risk increases with age, particularly after age 50. Some risk factors include:

• African American men are twice as likely as white men to develop the disease.
• Having a family history a father or a brother diagnosed with prostate cancer, particularly if it is at a relatively early age increases the risk.
• Having a family history of breast and ovarian cancer may also be associated with an inherited risk of developing prostate cancer
• High-fat diet and/or obesity

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How Important Is The Gleason Score

The Gleason score is very important in predicting the behavior of a prostate cancer and determining the best treatment options. Still, other factors are also important, such as:

• The blood PSA level
• How much of each core is made up of cancer
• The number of cores that contain cancer
• Whether cancer was found in both sides of the prostate
• Whether the cancer has spread outside the prostate

How Is Prostate Cancer Diagnosed And Evaluated

Your primary doctor will ask about your medical history, risk factors and symptoms. You will also undergo a physical exam.

Many patients undergo regular prostate cancer screening before symptoms appear. Screening may involve one or more of the following tests:

• Prostate-specific antigen : This test analyzes a blood sample for levels of PSA, a protein the prostate produces. Higher PSA levels could indicate cancer is present.
• Digital Rectal Exam :This test examines the lower rectum and the prostate gland to check for abnormalities in size, shape or texture. The term “digital” refers to the doctor’s use of a gloved, lubricated finger to conduct the exam.

If screening test results are abnormal, your doctor may perform the following imaging tests:

Bone Scan: Your doctor may perform a bone scan to determine if cancer has spread to your bones. A bone scan injects small amounts of radioactive material called a radiotracer into the bloodstream. The radiotracer travels through the area under examination. It gives off radiation in the form of gamma rays, which are detected by a gamma camera. This information goes to a computer, which creates images of your bones.

PET/CT: Doctors use PET/CT scanning to see if prostate cancer has returned . Like Bone Scan, PET/CT injects a radiotracer into the bloodstream. The radiotracer attaches to proteins on the surface of prostate cancer cells or is taken up by cancer cells for metabolism.

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Advanced Prostate Cancer Symptoms

Men with advanced prostate cancer may experience additional symptoms. Thats because the cancer has spread from the prostate to other parts of the body, such as the bones or lymph nodes.

Signs of metastatic prostate cancer may include:

• Swelling in legs or pelvic area
• Numbness or pain in the hips, legs or feet
• Bone pain that persists or leads to fractures

A wide range of treatment options are available for managing advanced cancer. These treatments kill cancer cells, but they may also help patients manage pain.

Prostate cancer treatment: The care you need is one call away

Your multidisciplinary team will work with you to develop a personalized plan to treat your prostate cancer in a way that fits your individual needs and goals.

/6what Is Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is cancer that grows in the prostate gland, which is a small walnut-shaped gland in males that produces the seminal fluid, explains the Mayo Clinic.

It is important to note that not all cancers show symptoms. Cancers take their time to develop and spread, which is why it tends to grow slowly and gradually over many years. Most men with early prostate cancer do not experience any noticeable signs. Only when the tumour grows, signs of prostate cancer begin to appear.

However, if you’re vigilant, you may catch hold of the symptoms early in the stage.

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Prostate Cancer Treatment Information

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in American men , and it is especially common after age 50. The cancer occurs when cells in or around the prostatea walnut-sized gland that produces seminal fluidundergo abnormal changes that cause them to grow and divide uncontrollably. The excess cells then bind together and form a tumor.

In many cases, prostate cancer is relatively slow-growing, which means that it can take several years to become large enough to be detected, and even longer to grow and spread outside the prostate. However, some cases are more aggressive and require more urgent treatment.

What Does It Mean To Have A Gleason Score Of 6 7 8 Or 9

Because grades 1 and 2 are not often used for biopsies, the lowest Gleason score of a cancer found on a prostate biopsy is 6. These cancers may be called well differentiated or low-grade and are likely to be less aggressive that is, they tend to grow and spread slowly.

Cancers with Gleason scores of 8 to 10 may be called poorly differentiated or high-grade. These cancers are likely to grow and spread more quickly, although a cancer with a Gleason score of 9-10 is twice as likely to grow and spread quickly as a cancer with a Gleason score of 8.

Cancers with a Gleason score of 7 can either be Gleason score 3+4=7 or Gleason score 4+3=7:

• Gleason score 3+4=7 tumors still have a good prognosis , although not as good as a Gleason score 6 tumor.
• A Gleason score 4+3=7 tumor is more likely to grow and spread than a 3+4=7 tumor, yet not as likely as a Gleason score 8 tumor.

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A Note About Sex And Gender

Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms male, female, or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. .

Though cancer can start in any area of the body, the prevalence rate of different cancers varies. Certain cancers occur much more frequently than others.

In some cases, a persons sex or race can increase the likelihood that they will develop certain types of cancer in their lifetime.

Controllable factors, such as smoking, can also affect a persons risk for developing certain cancers.

This article reviews the most common types of cancer overall as well as the most common cancers based on sex and race.

To discover more evidence-based information and resources for cancer, visit our dedicated hub.

National Cancer Institute , in order for a cancer to qualify as a common type, the incidence rate in 2021 had to be at least 40,000.

Based on the NCIs estimates, the most common cancer type in 2021 was breast cancer, with an estimated 284,200 new cases expected.

The next most common types include both prostate and lung cancers.

What Does It Mean If In Addition To Cancer My Biopsy Report Also Mentions Acute Inflammation Or Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation of the prostate is called prostatitis. Most cases of prostatitis reported on biopsy are not caused by infection and do not need to be treated. In some cases, inflammation may increase your PSA level, but it is not linked to prostate cancer. The finding of prostatitis on a biopsy of someone with prostate cancer does not affect their prognosis or the way the cancer is treated.

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Recurrent Prostate Cancer Symptoms

Prostate cancer that returns after treatment is considered recurrent. When it returns to the area around the prostate, the disease is classified as a local recurrence. If the cancer is found in another part of the body, the recurrent cancer is considered metastatic. If the cancer metastasizes outside the prostate, it most likely develops in bones first. Metastatic prostate cancer most often spreads to the liver, bones and lungs.

After initial treatment for prostate cancer, PSA levels are expected to drop dramatically. The first sign of recurrent prostate cancer may be a rise in the PSA level. Other symptoms of recurrent cancer may depend on whether and where the cancer has spread. Symptoms include:

• Blood in the urine
• Difficulty breathing

Patients should discuss any symptoms with their doctor and ask about scheduling regular PSA tests after treatment.

Adenocarcinoma Of The Prostate

Adenocarcinomas develop in the gland cells that line the prostate gland and the tubes of the prostate gland. Gland cells make prostate fluid.

Adenocarcinomas are the most common type of prostate cancer. Nearly everyone with prostate cancer has this type.

There are 2 types of adenocarcinoma of the prostate:

Read Also: Life Expectancy Of Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Is Prostate Cancer Common

To get the extensive answer to How common is prostate cancer?, lets take a look at statistics. 13 of every 100 American men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point during their lives. Moreover, around 7 out of these 13 persons are likely to be 65 or older.

So far, statistics show that age is the most common prostate cancer risk factor. The cases of men younger than 40 who are receiving a positive diagnosis regarding prostate cancer are extremely uncommon.

So far, statistics linked the probability of a higher risk of prostate cancer to ethnicity. African-American men are more likely to suffer from this condition than others. Moreover, the same ethnic group is at least twice as likely to pass away from prostate cancer than other groups.

When African-American men are diagnosed with prostate cancer at 40 or younger, most likely their case shows a more advanced stage than normal. Overall, their prostate tumor evolves more aggressively than in other cases.

Other factors that decide how frequent this condition is among men are thegeneticriskfactorsforcancer. Some men are exposed to higher risks of prostate cancer due to their family history.

A person is more likely to get a type of prostate cancer at some point in his life if:

• He has at least one first-degree family member with prostate cancer
• Other family members are going through other types of cancers, such as ovarian, breast, or pancreatic tumors.

Side Effects Of Chemotherapy

• Digestive issues such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

While on chemotherapy, patients are also susceptible to infections because their white blood cell counts are lower. Other common side effects include bruising or bleeding due to fewer blood platelets and fatigue due to the lowered red blood cell count.

Its also possible to experience a severe allergic reaction to some of the drugs used to treat prostate cancer, especially Taxotere® and Jevtana® . The patients care team may recommend medicines before each session to help prevent a reaction.

The prostate chemotherapy drug mitoxantrone may cause leukemia later in life, but this is rare. The prostate chemotherapy drug Emcyt® may increase the risk for blood clots.

During chemotherapy, doctors may also offer supportive care services to help ease side effects. For example, naturopathic providers may suggest supplements to reduce nausea. Also, a mind-body therapist may recommend techniques to help the patient relax and feel less anxious during prostate cancer chemotherapy treatments.

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Can Drinking Cause Prostate Cancer

No. Alcohol use can increase the risk for many types of cancer, but prostate cancer is not on this list.

Prostate cancer treatment: The care you need is one call away

Your multidisciplinary team will work with you to develop a personalized plan to treat your prostate cancer in a way that fits your individual needs and goals.

Understanding Prostate Cancer Risk

Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the prostate gland. Certain cells grow uncontrollably, then they crowd and destroy healthy cells around the prostate gland and form a tumor. Urination and sexual function may be affected. Sometimes, cancerous cells move to other areas of the body. Approximately one in nine men will be diagnosed with the disease.

While all men are at risk for prostate cancer, certain factors can increase your risk:

• Age: As a man ages, his risk for prostate cancer increases.
• Race: African American men are more likely to get the disease.
• Family history: Men who have close relative with prostate cancer are at an increased risk for the disease.
• Diet: Eating a diet rich in high-fat dairy products and animal fat may increase the risk for prostate cancer.

Its important to know your prostate cancer risk and work with your doctor to discuss if regular screening may be right for you.

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What Does It Mean When There Are Different Core Samples With Different Gleason Scores

Cores may be samples from different areas of the same tumor or different tumors in the prostate. Because the grade may vary within the same tumor or between different tumors, different samples taken from your prostate may have different Gleason scores. Typically, the highest Gleason score will be the one used by your doctor for predicting your prognosis and deciding on treatment options.

/6can Prostate Cancer Spread

Prostate cancer is often divided into four stages, with stages III and IV being more advanced prostate cancer.

According to the Urology Care Foundation, advanced or stage IV prostate cancer is incurable, since it means the cancer has spread outside the prostate to other parts such as the lymph nodes, bones, liver or lungs.

However, the charity shares that advanced cancer can be treated and symptoms can be managed.

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Can Bone Mets Heal

Despite the fact that bone metastases cannot be cured, treatments for them may be beneficial. Bones must be strengthened in order to remain strong. Bone pain, for example, can be alleviated by using certain medications.

Jessy is an avid baseball fan and writer for the popular website, Baseball Writes. He has been writing about the sport for over five years and is passionate about sharing his knowledge and enthusiasm for the game. He is a proud supporter of his local team, the Toronto Blue Jays, and loves to explore the history and culture of the sport.